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Conventional data-driven methods for predicting the seismic response of structures often require extensive data and computational resources. To address these challenges, a novel deep learning framework that can efficiently and accurately predict the structural seismic responses is proposed. The proposed framework overcomes the limitations of the conventional data-driven methods, by utilizing transfer learning based on the most relevant knowledge determined via the unsupervised learning technique. The framework leverages the seismic information history database to identify the most similar previous earthquake, and subsequently transfers the corresponding knowledge from the Structural Seismic Response network (SSR net) to predict structural responses caused by a new earthquake. This innovative method significantly reduces the need for extensive data collection and provides efficient predictions. Case studies demonstrate the framework’s ability to predict seismic structural responses without extensive training or data collection. The framework can reliably capture the complex nonlinear dynamics of structures under seismic loads and offer significant potential for advancing seismic fragility analyses and reliability assessments. Future research will focus on expanding the framework’s applicability to various structural types and further refining its prediction capabilities.